The day of Mercury Stayed Below Zero in New York City
While New York City temperatures dropped even lower to -12 ° F reading at midnight on 10-11 January 1859, falls
-16 ° C in 1789, and -15 ° C in 1835 and 1934, 10 January 1859 and known as the coldest day in New York City ever. On this day the temperature of the city is never above zero. By Christopher C. Botha, who studied meteorology and author of "extreme weather" it "is probably the only day in the history of New York City, when the temperature does not rise above zeroclass. "[1]
After midnight Monday, January 10, 1859 arrived, the temperature in New York City sitting around -1 ° to -3 ° F exacerbated by the strong wind that kicked the cover of fresh snow, which had been paid for two days. While an accurate reading of temperature is not known since the time of thermometers "were not self-registration – the registration of the daily absolute minimum [and] maximum temperatures'" – depends on visual observations are usually three times daily for 7 2and 9 am, "[2] you can be certain of the estimates of midnight for the following reasons:
1. From midnight until the first official reading of -3.7 ° F to Erasmus Hall in Brooklyn at 7, the temperature had fallen very low due to thunderstorm and strong winds to the north-west, the advection of heat (friction it, because he went above the earth's surface).
2. "The cold weather has … … everything is a surprise that the change of time … it was very sudden and verygreat, "despite the fact that its predecessor, the rain arrived during the night of Friday (January 7)" before switching to snow. By the end of Saturday (January 8), the temperature dipped. "This period of cold start here … Saturday (January 
Finally, around midnight (morning Sunday, January 9th)," The New York Times [3].
3. The core of cold air mass on the New York Metro area has gone before reaching New England, which is based on the fact thatthe coldest part of the air masses reaching New York about 7 Boston (New York City's low was -12 ° F is reached at 12 midnight on 11 January, followed by temperatures rising as a cold front is retired in New England. According to the Boston and depression in other New England has reached around 7 before starting the temperature rises.
4. E 'likely that the cold front preceded by an Alberta Clipper, which is based on the forecast that involvessouth of movement [4]:
Oswego, NY, Saturday, January 8 at 6 o'clock in the afternoon the weather was very warm here yesterday (January 7), with the rain until the evening, when a sudden change took place, the thermometer sank to zero, and a strong Wind north-west, showing up in. Today there are gusts of snow was, but not enough for the sleds out …
Water, NY, Saturday, January 8-6 pm: The thermometer at zero. Lack of snow.
Ogdensburg, NY, Saturday,8-6 pm januari: E 'the coldest day of the season. The sleigh is good. Thermometer 6 ° [F] below zero.
New York, Sunday afternoon the temperature rose to just over 10 ° F before dropping to near zero, while the evening arrived. Given the scenario above, the temperature in New York City is 10 down to about 1 ° to 3 ° F from a reading in Boston, the 10th F – "The weather is very cold all day. Thermometer 10 night-out 10 ° above zero. aircontinues to grow colder. "[5] At dawn Monday morning, the temperature was in Boston to" 5 degrees below zero [dropped before the restoration of] zero [at 10 and then decreases to -4.5 ° F to 2 in near Cambridge, MA] [6]. Meanwhile, surrounding areas are not affected by a 'heat island "effect Port Jervis, NY and White Plains, NY 7 recorded temperatures of -16 ° F and
-13 ° C, respectively.
The sharp decline in New York, temperatures werefueled by the approach of the coldest part of the face and the wind died, which led to perhaps the most remarkable and important weather days in New York, the city's history. Instead of increasing, decrease in temperature. The sun was powerless. "The strangest part is that … when the sun shines brighter than the intensity of the cold kept gradually increased from sunrise to noon." [7] At 11 the temperature dropped to -7.5 ° F [8] and a second and-a-half° -9 ° F Now [9].
People who suddenly began to discover that their furnaces, steam pipes and registers (openings which heated air is directed and supervised by a fireplace or furnace) gave no heat, and businessmen, to hurry down, not knowing what they should do the icicles from his mustache like the circles from a glass chandelier … [10 panels]
To compensate, people went to two and three layers of shirts and "double"other garments, while 379 homeless people sought refuge in police stations, "a hundred more than usual," after "Deputy Superintendent Carpenter [issue] an order that" no request for an accommodation, should be removed until the last standing – room was empty. "But not everyone was aware of the availability of shelters or had chosen to go there. Therefore, it was reported that the number of women with empty baskets haunting the kitchen door, hoping to fillwith charitable donations increased by … Children are also on the streets of multiplying wealth, begging … And the old to be seen on almost every street corner looking back with nostalgia to wash the windows, silently begging for any work that will give them a meal, and the consequent freedom to warm up at a dinner-house brand. "[11 ]
But despite the difficulties, only two weather-related crimes were reported. One consists of a bully who was immediately arrested andsentenced to 30 days in jail after stealing shoes a boy and a couple formed by a portly gentleman "and a well-dressed young man, identified as John Belden who stole a fur trader found on Broadway 71 While portly gentleman" to run away, to prove extraordinarily fast, "Belden has been arrested and sent" to "severe" (prison) [12].
But the most remarkable effects of the cold saw the bay and rivers, where a thick cloud of steamyou see all day, looks like a thousand steam boilers has been left them to escape. The air temperature was much lower than the steam that rose from the surface, as if the Gulf Stream, the waves suddenly had a mild divergence of Long Island Sound in our port. [13]
So, just as the sun began to adopt global warming, New York City to -3.8 ° C, and White Plains, NY to -10 ° F with 2, the evening was approaching, and with arrivalat night, where conditions are best for radiational cooling (clear skies, calm winds, and a decent snow cover primarily 3-4 januari snowstorm that left "only driver" and "more than fourteen inches" of snow [ 14]) is the temperature falls rapidly.
During this time, Rivers started freezing as reported by The New York Times: [15]
There was very little ice in the river during the day, but a gift was found yesterday (January 10), and it will not usemany of these days, as of yesterday (January 10) to a complete halt to shipping of the sound.
The ports along the eastern and northern rivers were frozen, making it difficult and sometimes impossible, to stay in their boats without the aid of steam tugs to move. The perspective is now that the steamer, the ice will soon have to open the channel.
The day after the New York Times:
Although time has slowed down considerably yesterday (January 11), iceformed quickly on both sides of the bay, and when the storm tide freed the great mass of the Gowanus flats, is dragged into the East River through Buttermilk Channel in key areas for a time threatened to completely inhibit navigation. Ice boat "Atlantic" was an early start … He started at 5 and a half hours and spent about two hours to break the big cake, and opening the channel of lighters and other vessels … [And, despite the boat more powerfulpart of European society] is what he could do to move in the dense pack ice … The ice formed strong in all the letters that are not constantly agitated by the arrival and departure of ships at night. Ships that have difficulty moving in and out of their slips without the aid of steam … [and] browse masses [is] that was brought down by the river of the North, which ebbetid. "
At the same time, the female passengerRate constant fear that soon disappeared when their boat is safe in the country, the port police, who feared that "Nek Throgg's [would] be blocked, and a setback for the navigation completely …" are unable to conduct patrol and ignore its help is to see in their behavior, fishermen, and found it "too cold" to pursue their livelihoods [16].
This was followed by another message, which reads: [17 due]
Ice wasSound mixing, such as navigation Plymouth [CT.] And Worcester [MA.] And Stonington [CT.] Lines of steam ships were withdrawn.
There was also a large number of cases suffering from intense cold "[18], and a few fires and six deaths. A stage coach driver for the 6th and 7th Avenue line of Broadway," Webb "was found "in a helpless state … Hands and feet … badly stuck and had to be implemented in a pharmacy near where stimulantswas administered, and he replied, "but apparently without success, because the next day edition of The New York Times wrote -" … a poor stage manager has been frozen to death. "[19], a newspaper boy who runs the Fulton Ferry was also found in a" helpless "state" with a frozen nose, hands and feet "of the passenger was in the room engine [where] rubbed him until his recovery, "while" a man who was [left] for once without a belt [after his horseTender] was so hardened by the cold that he could not move until it was rubbed for a long time. "[20]
A dramatic rescue also took place at 1:30, when the police Harbor promenade next door to Catherine Street and Market Street to hear the screams of Hector McIntosh from Brooklyn, who fell into the River East. When agents "Smiley, Garland and Baker" McIntosh has pulled out of the icy water with a rope that had been seized from a boat nearby, "he literally'Frozen after "and had to be transported to a nearby station house" in a hand-sled [heating]. Five minutes and he would be destroyed. "[21]
"A small fire occurred in the billiard room attached to the restaurant on the corner of Broadway and Waverley fourth [S] treet. The damage was small." [22] Meanwhile, "a child of eighteen months, whose parents live at No. 520 Broome [S] treet, which is fatal fire [that] his clothes [taken]The fire from [a nearby] grid, "and a man," James Gaffney "burned" to death "as" the little frame building where he lived in the eighteenth Street, near Eleventh Avenue "has almost been eaten" by fire. From The New York Times, "Mr. Gaffney's body was found burned in a fresh". At the same time, "Anthony Elding [] drink a beer and a half of gin in a grocery store in Eleventh Avenue, near Forty third Street to keep warm … [so] surprised [that hadis] taken to his residence [where] he died shortly afterwards, while a woman, identified as "Ann Myers was found drunk [roads] … and taken to [the parents] sel … where [next] who was found dead. "The killing involved a sixth unidentified woman, who was found dead from want and exposure" in an unheated apartment building at No. 16 Essex Street [23].
All this is incredible, the local politicians found time for a resolution that prohibits sprinkling of salt ", forThe merging of snow in the streets! "[24]
"The cold weather has continued throughout the night. The wind died away, but the air was very cold," [25] The Heart Daily Courant reported. Through the temperature 9 in New York fell to -8 ° C, while the feet of mercury to -15 ° F to White Plains, NY.
At the end of the day, was in New York City in temperatures from -12 ° F vs. Hart's 11 -12 ° F and 12 ° F -15 midnight readings. Thus, in New YorkThe temperature of the city slowly recover through the early morning hours of 11 in January rose to -3 ° F with 7, but the temperature in New York rose slowly during the night, the coldest part of the Arctic air masses comes in New England, bringing cold unprecedented. By the morning of January 11 Place Boston temperature at -18 ° C, while the measures
-12 ° F and -45 ° C were recorded "on Nantucket Island, located 20 kilometers from the coast of Cape Cod, in Woodstock,Vermont [26].
But it was not until 11 that the temperature in New York City, eventually rose above zero is captured by the New York Times: [27]
The inclemency of the elements, "he continued without reduction until the necessary long after midnight, when these people were calculated to warm in a variety of carpets, was not a matter of surprise that turned out yesterday morning, the their daily occupations, dual protection with clothing and trebly armedResolution against the cold. He moderated the atmosphere, which have attributed the reported increase in wool, toes and calm, or nearly so, there are no grounds in warmer socks and gloves were found and they had nothing to do all the freezing and sore ears, but the scarves and hats of fur was their view that the solving of this consolation. The fact is, however, that the thermometer was above zero
Instead of following it … At sunrise …The thermometer was three degrees below zero to 9 degrees below, a few degrees above 11, the same afternoon, after which it begins to increase until the temperature is not something strange to it for days a normal winter '…
As a result, thousands of "both sexes", has made use of cold and snow for your enjoyment. Some have Sleigh Ride, while others skate "in period costumes beautiful" on the frozen lake in Central Park, "the cheerful shoutsPATINEURS bright in the sky [James] Meyerbeer '[The] prophet "(a great work in Paris, which opened April 16, 1849), while many icicles hanging from the trees bare spark [d] with sympathetic pleasure." while the local curling club members also have the benefit of time to practice their sport, a favorite past time, Scotland and Canada, with the help of ice, a circular-shaped polished stone and "diet" [28].
After the temperature of New York Cityhad been below zero for at least 33 hours with conservative estimates, Tuesday, January 11th was a disappointing end, after finally above zero and stayed there:
Throughout the day, the sky was overcast, light rain and snow off spaces, the underfunding of the sidewalk and into the evening, when a new start to fall, and a deposit of about half empty, with the wind going around the north, prelude to a further appropriate thermometers, which will contain sixteen degreesabove zero. Roads, slippery enough before, was much better after the fall, and many a pedestrian was thrown from his feet, and sincere when he considers his allies are in infidel [29].
The heat also spread to Boston, which is recounted in 7 cities Notebook: "E 'snow here lasts from 1 this afternoon. The weather is not as cold as it was [already]." [30]
A summary of the historic January 10, 1859Temperature measurements today for the New York City is illustrated below:
New York City Temperatures
Monday, January 10, 1859
Max -1.5 ° min. -12.0 ° average: -6.75 °
12: -1.5 (I)
4: -2.5 (ii)
7: -3.7 (ii)
11: -7.5 (ii)
12 hours: -9.0 (iii)
2: -3.8 (ii)
9: -8.0 (ii)
12: -12.0 (iv)
(I) Estimate, (ii) Erasmus Hall, Brooklyn, NY readings, (iii) In the coldestSeventy. The New York Times, January 11, 1859, (iv), Jamaica, Queens
Other notable low temperatures
10-11 January, 1859
Bangor: -26.0 ° F
Boston, MA.: -18.0 ° F
Buffalo, New York: -20.0 ° F
Burlington: -32.0 ° F
Ellsworth, Maine: -20.0 ° F
Hartford, CT.: -15.0 ° F
Montpelier: -21.0 ° F
Montreal, Canada: -43.6 ° F
New York, NY: -12.0 ° F
OgdenNY: -36.0 ° F
Oswego, New York: -20.0 ° F
Philadelphia, PA: -3.0 ° F
Port Jervis, NY: -16.0 ° F
Portland: -17.0 ° F
Shakes Point, NY: -38.0 ° F
Rutland, Vermont: -27.0 ° F
Water, NY: -30.0 ° F
___________________________
Notes:
[1] Christopher C. Botha. Extreme weather conditions. (WW Norton & Company: New York, 2004) 61
[2] Christopher C. Botha. Extreme weather conditions. (WW Norton &Company: New York, 2004) 61
[3] cooler in the seventies. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[4] weather. The New York Times. January 10, 1859.
[5] weather. The New York Times. January 10, 1859.
[6] Telegraphic address Weather, Monday, January 10. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[7] cooler in the seventies. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[8] Christopher C. Botha.Extreme weather conditions. (WW Norton & Company: New York, 2004) 61
[9] cooler in the seventies. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[10] cooler in the seventies. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[11] Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[12] City Intelligence. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[13] cooler in the seventies. The New York Times. January 111859
[14] snow. The New York Times. January 5, 1859.
[15] cooler in the seventies. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[16] Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[17] Suspension of Sound Navigation. The New York Times. January 13, 1859.
[18] news of the day. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[19] Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[20]Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[21] City Intelligence. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[22] news of the day. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[23] City Intelligence. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[24] news of the day. The New York Times. January 11, 1859.
[25] The Heart Daily Courant. January 11, 1859.
[26] Christopher C. Botha. Extreme weather conditions. (WW Norton &Company: New York, 2004) 61
[27] Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[28] Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[29] Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.
[30] Our city is cold. The New York Times. January 12, 1859.